REPORT Results of the delegation's visit and work. The delegation to France and Germany was led by Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh.

REPORT
Results of the delegation's visit and work.
The delegation to France and Germany was led by Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh.

 
 
In accordance with Decision No. 2708/QD-BTP dated August 28, 2025, of the Minister of Justice, a delegation led by Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh visited and worked in France and Germany from September 15-20, 2025 (including travel time between the two countries, excluding travel time to and from Vietnam).
The delegation reported to the Minister on the content and main results of the trip , specifically as follows:
I. Purpose of the business trip
Conduct research, surveys, and study international experiences in building, managing, and operating information systems for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents. Simultaneously, combine this with learning about the process of issuing and monitoring the implementation of administrative decisions and actions, as well as the training of law students at the university level.
II. Composition of the Working Group:
1. The delegation consists of 6 people:
- Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh – Head of the delegation;
- Ms. Nguyen Thi Hanh, Director of the Department of Criminal and Administrative Law;
- Ms. Nguyen Thi Thu Hoe, Deputy Director of the Department of Document Inspection and Management of Administrative Violations;
- Ms. Duong Thien Huong, Deputy Director of the International Cooperation Department;
- Mr. Bui Duc Hien, Chief of Office of the Planning and Finance Department;
- Ms. Bui Van Anh, Senior Specialist at the Department of Document Inspection and Management of Administrative Violations.
2 . Representatives from the Vietnamese Embassy in France participated in the delegation's working sessions in France. Mr. Luu Xuan Dong, Consul General of Vietnam in Hessen, Germany, also participated in the delegation's working sessions.
III. Main contents and results of the visit
1. In the French Republic
During their three-day working visit to France, the delegation visited and worked with the French Ministry of Justice, the Chamber of Deputies, the Court of Cassation, the Legal and Administrative Information Agency of the Prime Minister's Office (DILA), and the Vietnamese Embassy in the Republic of France.
1.1. Working with the French Ministry of Justice:
1.1.1. The delegation met with Ms. Cristina Mauro, Special Envoy for European and International Affairs of the Ministry of Justice (equivalent to Deputy Minister). During the meeting, Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh highly appreciated the good and friendly cooperative relationship between Vietnam and France, especially cooperation in the field of law and justice. She expressed gratitude for the support given by the French Government, the Ministry of Justice, and relevant agencies to Vietnam in general, and the Ministry of Justice and Vietnamese legal and judicial agencies in particular, over the past period. The Deputy Minister shared information about Vietnam's current groundbreaking steps in building and perfecting legal institutions, developing science and technology, innovation, and national digital transformation, as well as promoting the development of the private sector. The goal is to build a streamlined, effective, and efficient political system through the implementation of the Politburo's four strategic resolutions (Resolution No. 66-NQ/TW dated April 30, 2025; Resolution No. 68-NQ/TW dated May 4, 2025; Resolution No. 57-NQ/TW dated December 22, 2024; and Resolution No. 59-NQ/TW dated January 24, 2025). The Deputy Minister also emphasized the need to continue learning from international partners, including France, to help the Ministry of Justice successfully fulfill its assigned tasks in the new context. Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh also requested the French Ministry of Justice to consider promoting the establishment of a French Law Center at Hanoi Law University.
Ms. Cristina Mauro highly appreciated the visit and affirmed her readiness to share information and experiences with Vietnam, as well as to continue promoting legal and judicial cooperation between the two countries. Regarding the establishment of the French Law Center at Hanoi Law University, Ms. Cristina Mauro said that France is also very interested in and supportive of the establishment of the Center, but needs more time to prepare the necessary conditions. Ms. Cristina Mauro proposed that, in the short term, the Ministries of Justice of the two countries, in coordination with relevant agencies, organize the Vietnam-France Law Week in November 2025, including a series of workshops and seminars on various topics. The French side will have experts from the Ministry of Justice, the Court of Cassation, the Council of State, and related agencies, as well as experts from professional associations and law lecturers from universities participating in the event. Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh highly appreciated this proposal and stated that the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice will coordinate with relevant domestic agencies to carry out the procedures according to regulations related to organizing the Week, and will soon study and send the French Ministry of Justice a list of topics for the workshops and seminars in the event.
1.1.2. The delegation also held a professional working session with Ms. Elise FARGE DI MARIA, Head of the AI Project, Department of Assessment and Modernization (SEM), Mr. Frédéric WEILL, Head of the Digitalization and Content Strategy Department (DICOM), and several officials from the French Ministry of Justice. During this session, the delegation received a presentation on the Ministry of Justice's AI projects. From February to May 2025, the French Ministry of Justice established a research team to develop a report on the strategy for applying AI in its operations. This report identified AI application needs in approximately 100 areas, with priority given to 12 areas (for example: AI for translating French for prisoners, AI for detecting crowded areas in prisons, AI for monitoring and detecting drones in prison areas, AI for assisting in the initial drafting of some court judgments, AI for analyzing content and routing letters to relevant departments, etc.). This is a crucial step, helping to avoid spreading resources too thinly and focusing on areas with high practical effectiveness. To ensure technological sovereignty, the AI Project Unit of the French Ministry of Justice (comprising recruited experts and engineers) will develop internal AI tools in these key areas. The French Ministry of Justice also emphasized the importance of efficiency, functionality of tools, and ethical considerations in the development and application of AI technology. During the meeting, the delegation was also introduced to two websites: (i) www.justice.gouv.fr – a public information site including current events, introductions to the justice system, and information on required documents for legal procedures; (ii) www.justice.fr – a site providing information on legal procedures for individuals with legal issues. After submitting an application online through this site, citizens can track the processing progress. The results of learning from the French Ministry of Justice's experience in improving the Information System for Receiving and Processing Legal Documents are detailed in Section 1 of Appendix I attached to this Report.
During the meeting, the delegation also received information from representatives of the French Ministry of Justice regarding the mechanism for monitoring the implementation of administrative decisions/documents and the application of information technology in the issuance of administrative decisions/documents (details in Appendix III of this Report).
1.2. Visit and work with the Department of Legal and Administrative Information under the Prime Minister's Office (DILA)
The delegation was received and worked with by Mr. David Sarthou, Deputy Director, and other officials of DILA. During the meeting, Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh highly appreciated the good friendly cooperative relationship between Vietnam and France, especially the cooperation in the field of law and justice between the two countries; she also shared information about the current implementation of a system for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents by the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice and expressed her desire to learn from the experience of relevant French agencies, including DILA, to help the Ministry of Justice build and improve this system.
The delegation was briefed on the functions and responsibilities of DILA. This is a central administrative body under the Office of the French Prime Minister, managed by the Secretary-General of the Government, with four main functions, including: (i) publishing and managing the electronic official gazette through the website www.legifrance.gouv.fr ; (ii) providing administrative information to citizens and businesses through the website www.service-public.fr (providing information related to citizens' rights and obligations, including legal regulations arranged according to important life events such as childbirth, marriage, retirement, etc.; this website has links to the websites of specialized ministries responsible for public services that citizens wish to learn about) and the website www.entreprendre.service-public.fr (which is the version for businesses with filters based on business size such as large enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises, joint-stock companies, limited liability companies, and self-employed enterprises); (iii) providing economic information; and (iv) providing information to citizens through the website www. vie-publique.fr (including information on public policies, the activities of state agencies, laws and legislative/legislative processes; documents, analyses, and explanations to help citizens better understand complex socio-political issues, economic, legal, and EU-related topics...). Specific details of the survey and learning from these websites are in Section 2 of Appendix I attached to this Report.
In addition, the delegation also exchanged information, consulted, and learned about the procedures for issuing administrative decisions by DILA (specific details are in Appendix III attached to this report).
1.3. Visit and work with the French Court of Cassation
During the working session, the delegation heard from Mr. Matthieu ALLAIN, judge of the Document Archiving, Research and Reporting Division, Head of the Digital Law and Data Protection Department, Court of Cassation, who shared information on digital transformation and the application of information technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in the agency's operations. Similar to the Council of State, the representative of the Court of Cassation stated that, in the inevitable trend of digital transformation and AI application, the Court of Cassation has also chosen to recruit technology engineers and software engineers to develop its own AI-powered tools, and the server system is located at the Court of Cassation headquarters. The results of learning from the Court of Cassation's experience are detailed in Section 3 of Appendix I attached to this report.
1.4. Visiting and working with the French Council of State.
Receiving and sharing experiences with the delegation was Mr. Yves Gounin, Head of International Relations of the Council of State and Director of Information Systems of the Council of State. Mr. Yves Gounin emphasized that digital transformation and the application of AI technology are inevitable and irreversible trends; in this process, the French Council of State has chosen not to purchase software products from private companies, but has instead recruited technology engineers and software engineers to develop its own AI-powered tools for the agency, with servers located at the agency's headquarters to ensure technological sovereignty. Currently, the Council of State is digitizing judgments and decisions within its jurisdiction; promoting electronic filing of lawsuits (the only form applied to lawyers; citizens can choose to use electronic or traditional filing methods). The Council of State advises the government on bills, decrees, and other legal documents. The Council's opinions aim to ensure the constitutionality and legality of draft administrative documents before their promulgation. Mr. Yves Gounin also shared information on the supervisory role of the French court system over the issuance of administrative decisions/documents (details in Appendix III of this report).
Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh highly appreciated the useful information shared by the Council of State regarding digital transformation, the application of information technology, and AI in the Council of State's operations. The Deputy Minister also shared information about the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice and the French Ministry of Justice researching and planning to jointly organize a Vietnam-France Law Week in Vietnam, and expressed the hope that the French Council of State would send experts to participate and share experiences at workshops and training sessions within the framework of this Week.
The results of the Council of State's learning experience in building and improving the Information System for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents are presented in Section 4 of Appendix I attached to this Report.
1.5. Visit the Vietnamese Embassy in France
During the meeting with Deputy Ambassador Pham Thi Kim Yen and officials of the Vietnamese Embassy in France, Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh discussed the purpose, content, and results of the delegation's work in France. She also requested the Vietnamese Embassy in France to continue to provide support and facilitate connections to promote legal cooperation between Vietnam and France, particularly in supporting the establishment of a French Law Center at Hanoi Law University and organizing a Vietnam-France Law Week.
2. In the Federal Republic of Germany:
During their three-day visit to the Federal Republic of Germany, the delegation from the Ministry of Justice visited and worked with the Federal Ministry of Justice, the Federal Parliament's Committee on Citizens' Petitions, the Hessen State Parliament's Committee on Citizens' Petitions, and the World University Organization (WUS). The delegation also held a meeting with the Vietnamese Consul General in Hessen.
2.1. Working with the German Federal Ministry of Justice
Speaking at the meeting, Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh expressed her pleasure at the significant achievements in legal and judicial cooperation between Vietnam and the Federal Republic of Germany in general, and between the two Ministries of Justice in particular, over the past period. The Deputy Minister also shared information about Vietnam's efforts to further strengthen the development and improvement of legal institutions, the development of science and technology, innovation, national digital transformation, and the promotion of the private sector, as well as the construction of a streamlined, effective, and efficient political system through the implementation of the Politburo's strategic resolutions, especially Resolution No. 66-NQ/TW and Resolution No. 57-NQ/TW. To effectively carry out assigned tasks and meet the requirements of the new context, in addition to leveraging domestic resources, the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice wishes to continue strengthening cooperation, exchange, and learning from the experiences of developed countries around the world, including the Federal Republic of Germany.
The Deputy Minister stated that the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice is currently developing a new three-year cooperation program for the Rule of Law Dialogue (2026-2028) to further build upon the achievements of previous three-year cooperation programs. The Deputy Minister requested that the German Federal Ministry of Justice actively cooperate with the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice to promptly sign and effectively implement this document, thereby further promoting legal and judicial cooperation between the two countries in a more in-depth, effective, and substantive manner.
Representatives from the German Federal Ministry of Justice highly appreciated the visit of Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh and affirmed their readiness to continue coordinating with the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice to further promote legal and judicial cooperation between the two sides. They expressed hope that negotiations on the next three-year cooperation program would soon yield results and lead to signing in 2026.
During the professional exchange, the German Federal Ministry of Justice shared a great deal of information and experience in receiving and processing feedback and petitions from citizens. Representatives from the German Federal Ministry of Justice stated that in 2024-2025, several topics frequently submitted by citizens for petitions or information inquiries include: guardianship rights, naming rights, review of court rulings, and the Tourism Guarantee Fund. Regarding the application of information technology, the German side noted that the Federal Ministry of Justice currently has a database containing sample response letters that can be searched by topic; however, the application of information technology and artificial intelligence in processing and responding to citizens' petitions remains limited. The German side argues that in responding to citizens' petitions, artificial intelligence only plays a supporting role; government officials must review, verify, and refine the content of the responses to ensure accuracy and legality. Specific results of this work are detailed in Section 1 of Appendix II attached to this report.
2.2. Working with the Petitions Committee of the German Federal Parliament
The delegation was received and worked with by Ms. Hülya DÜBER, Chairperson of the Committee on Citizens' Petitions of the German Federal Parliament. During the meeting, Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh thanked the Chairperson for taking the time to receive the delegation and provided information on legal and judicial cooperation between the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice and the Federal Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Justice of the State of Hessen, and other German agencies and organizations. The Deputy Minister also shared that the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice is developing a system for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents and expressed the hope that the Committee on Citizens' Petitions of the German Federal Parliament would share information and experiences for the Ministry of Justice to study and selectively refer to, in accordance with the conditions and practical situation of Vietnam. Ms. Hülya DÜBER expressed her pleasure in welcoming Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh, highly appreciated the visit, and hoped that the information shared in the professional exchange would be useful to the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice.
During the professional exchange, the delegation heard from the Committee on Citizens' Petitions of the German Federal Parliament about its experience in receiving and processing petitions and proposals from citizens. Since 2005, the Committee on Citizens' Petitions has implemented an electronic petition system to provide an additional channel for citizens to submit petitions and proposals to the Federal Parliament (besides methods such as direct submission or mail). According to statistics, 67% of the petitions and proposals received by the Committee concern administrative decisions, and 33% concern the development and improvement of legislation. In fact, many legal regulations have been amended based on citizens' petitions. The Committee on Citizens' Petitions has also built a database to digitize all paper petitions into electronic form; these petitions are categorized so that citizens can search for and refer to similar petitions that have already been resolved. This system also includes suggestions for determining the jurisdiction of the resolving agency and suggestions for choosing whether or not to submit a petition. For public petitions (those relating to the common good, which the petitioner wishes to be made public and which the Committee decides to allow to be made public), if there are 30,000 votes in favor of the petition, the petitioner will be invited to a meeting with the Committee to discuss the content of the petition in more detail.
The lessons learned from the Petitions Committee of the German Federal Parliament are detailed in Section 2 of Appendix II attached to this Report.
2.3. Working with the Petition Committee of the State Parliament of Hessen:
During the meeting, the delegation heard a brief introduction from Mr. Oliver Ulloth, Chairman of the Hessen State Parliament's Committee on Citizen Petitions, regarding the process of receiving and handling petitions submitted to the Committee. Accordingly, in addition to submitting petitions in writing via mail, fax, or online, citizens can also meet in person to present their petitions, which will be recorded by the Committee's reception staff. During the petition resolution process, depending on the complexity of the petition, the Committee may organize roundtable discussions involving representatives from state administrative agencies, the Committee, and the petitioner to exchange views on the petition's content; the content of these meetings is kept confidential. While the Committee does not yet utilize artificial intelligence in petition classification, it has an electronic system to track the progress and processing of petitions.
The results of learning from the experience at the Hessen State Parliament's Committee on Citizen Petitions are detailed in Section 2 of Appendix II attached to this Report.
2.4. Working with the World University Organization (WUS)
At the meeting, Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh emphasized the importance of legal education and training. The Deputy Minister expressed gratitude for the support of the Hessen State Parliament in general and the German World University Service (WUS) in particular for the training activities of Hanoi Law University over the years, through the awarding of scholarships to students and the donation of books and materials to the university library. The Deputy Minister hoped that the German Law Center located at Hanoi Law University would have more high-quality training programs and long-term partnerships with German educational institutions, thereby becoming a symbol of legal and judicial cooperation between the two countries. At the same time, we hope that in the coming time, the World University Service (WUS) will continue to support the Ministry of Justice and other legal and judicial agencies in Vietnam in the process of perfecting legislation, reforming the judiciary, building and perfecting the socialist rule of law, thereby actively contributing to promoting and strengthening the comprehensive strategic partnership between Vietnam and Germany.
Dr. Kambiz Ghawami, President of WUS, thanked Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh for her kind remarks and affirmed his readiness to continue cooperating and supporting the Ministry of Justice and Hanoi Law University in legal training and education in the future.
2.5. Meeting with the Vietnamese Consul General in the State of Hessen, Germany
During the meeting with the Vietnamese Consul General in Hessen, Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh discussed the purpose, content, and results of the delegation's work in Germany. She also requested the Vietnamese Consulate General in Hessen to continue providing support and facilitating connections to promote legal cooperation between the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice and the State of Hessen. Consul General Luu Xuan Dong highly appreciated the visit and the results of cooperation in the legal and judicial fields between the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Justice of Hessen, affirming his commitment to actively support and promote cooperation between the two sides.
2.6. In addition to working and studying on the application of information technology to improve the Information System for receiving and processing legal documents, the delegation also received exchanges and shared experiences and knowledge from agencies of the Federal Republic of Germany regarding the issuance and application of information technology in this area. German administrative documents (specific details in Appendix III of this Report).
III. Comments and Recommendations
1. Comments
The working visit of the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice delegation, led by Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh, to France and Germany was a great success, contributing to further promoting cooperation in the field of law and justice between Vietnam and the two countries.
In terms of content, the working trip achieved all the objectives set out in the Project Report submitted to the Minister. The meetings and working sessions between Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh and the delegation with French and German agencies and organizations were very substantive, open, and effective. The French side provided a warm, friendly, and thoughtful reception. The information and results obtained from the working trip are very practical, useful, and valuable for reference in implementing the Project "Application of digital technology in receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal normative documents" as well as in building and perfecting the law on the issuance of administrative documents; contributing to strengthening and deepening the cooperative relationship between the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice and the French Ministry of Justice, the German Federal Ministry of Justice, and other partners in these two countries.
Regarding the delegation's work, the members of the delegation strictly and fully complied with the regulations of the host country's laws and Vietnamese laws on overseas business trips, immigration, internal political security, and protection of state secrets.
2. Recommendations
Based on the results of the working trip as reported above, the working group recommends the Minister the following specific issues:
2.1. International Cooperation Department:
- With France: (i) Chair and coordinate with relevant units to propose topics and content to be discussed within the framework of the Vietnam-France Law Week event and discuss with the French Embassy in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City about organizing this event, tentatively scheduled for the end of the year. November 2025; (ii) Coordinate with the French Ministry of Justice to develop and sign a cooperation program for the period 2026-2027 between the two Ministries of Justice to implement the cooperation agreement signed in 2016 ; (iii) continue to promote the establishment of the French Law Center at Hanoi Law University ; (iv) support Hanoi Law University in promoting the signing of a cooperation agreement between Hanoi Law University and Paris-Assas University (Paris II).
- Continue to coordinate with the German Federal Ministry of Justice to complete the development and early signing of the 3-year cooperation program for the period 2026-2028 within the framework of the Rule of Law Dialogue program between Vietnam and the Federal Republic of Germany .
2.2. Assign to the Department of Document Review and Management of Administrative Violations, Criminal and Administrative Law Division:
- Research and refer to the experiences of the Republic of France and the Federal Republic of Germany to selectively apply them in a manner suitable to Vietnam's practical situation in carrying out the tasks assigned in Decision No. 244/QD-TTg dated February 5, 2025, of the Prime Minister on the Project "Application of digital technology in receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal normative documents," and building and perfecting the law on the promulgation of administrative documents.
- Research, propose topics, and coordinate with the Department of International Cooperation to organize workshops and seminars within the framework of the Vietnam-France Law Week on content relevant to the unit's functions and duties.
- Continue to research and refer to the practices of countries in other regions to advise and report to the Ministry's leadership on organizing study tours to learn from the experience of building, organizing, receiving, and processing information, feedback, and suggestions on legal documents in the electronic environment, in order to further improve the operation of the System for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents and to better fulfill the role of the Ministry of Justice in advising and assisting the Government in ensuring the constitutionality and legality of the legal system.
2.3. Assignment to Hanoi Law University:
- Coordinate with the Department of International Cooperation to propose topics and content for exchange within the framework of the Vietnam-France Law Week event.
- Continue to promote cooperation with French law training institutions; promote the signing of a cooperation agreement between Hanoi Law University and Paris-Assas University (Paris II).
- Continue to promote the activities of the German Law Center located at Hanoi Law University.
The above is a report on the content and results of the visit and work of the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice delegation, led by Deputy Minister Dang Hoang Oanh, to France and Germany. The delegation respectfully submits this report to the Minister for consideration and guidance./.
Please find attached the following Appendices: (i) Results of research, surveys, and learning from the experience of the Republic of France in building and managing the Information System for receiving and processing legal documents; (ii) Results of research, surveys, and learning from the experience of the Federal Republic of Germany in building and managing the Information System for receiving and processing legal documents; (iii) Results of research, surveys, and learning from the experience of the Republic of France and the Federal Republic of Germany in issuing and monitoring the implementation of administrative decisions and administrative acts .
 
 

 
Appendix I. Results of research, surveys, and learning from the experience of the Republic of France in building, managing, and operating the Information System for receiving and processing legal documents.

1.1. Experiences in applying artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of justice in France.
The French Ministry of Justice has developed and implemented a comprehensive strategy for applying AI to the judicial system, as demonstrated in its 2024 report, “AI au service de la Justice.” The focus of the strategy is to improve work efficiency, support judges and judicial staff, and ensure transparency, accuracy, and technological sovereignty.
a) Applications of AI in supporting legal and judicial operations:
AI solutions are being applied to various operational processes, such as assisting in searching for case law and legal documents, suggesting appropriate arguments for each type of case, and automatically transcribing and translating in litigation activities, helping to save time, reduce errors, and increase consistency in trials, specifically:
- AI application to support legal and case law research: One of the clearly identified needs is to assist judges and judicial staff in researching case law, legal documents, and argumentative structures in similar cases. Currently, this process is manual and time-consuming due to the need to search multiple databases (Dalloz, Lexis Nexis, Jurica, Jurinet, Judilibre, etc.). The report proposes deploying an AI solution capable of: accelerating legal searches, automatically suggesting appropriate "arguments" based on case files, and personalizing results according to each judge's habits. This not only saves time but also contributes to improving the consistency of judgments and reducing "random elements" in adjudication.
- Automated Transcription and Translation: AI is also applied to automatically convert speech to text in contexts such as: taking statements, court hearings, confrontations, administrative and judicial meetings. This helps reduce the workload for record-keeping officers, increases accuracy, and is especially important in criminal, civil, or juvenile cases. At the same time, the system also has the ability to automatically translate to serve non-French speakers.
b) AI Deployment Infrastructure: Combining internal and market models, France is building a sovereign cloud computing environment (SecNumCloud) to deploy AI in the justice sector, particularly for highly sensitive applications. This system can be scaled using GPUs from the private cloud as needed to meet increasing demand. The proposed roadmap is: By 2025: rapid deployment of use cases (including AI assistants); then gradually transitioning to the Ministry of Justice's internal infrastructure. For less sensitive applications, France will collaborate with the private sector to test existing AI tools.
Three outstanding features were evaluated: Information extraction from legal documents; Automatic text compilation; and Intelligent legal search.
Many judges participated in the trial and provided positive feedback regarding its ability to assist with daily professional tasks.
c) AI applications and the legal-ethical framework
- Since 2024, the EU has adopted the AI Regulation (RIA) – the first legal framework for artificial intelligence. In the field of justice, AI systems are classified as "high risk" due to their potential to directly impact human rights and the judicial process. These systems must undergo compliance assessments similar to CE certification, have detailed technical documentation, ensure transparency to users, and be subject to human oversight throughout their lifecycle.
- France plans to launch the "IA Digne de Confiance en Justice" (IDCJ) label – a public label affirming the quality of algorithms in the field of justice, similar to "SecNumCloud" for cybersecurity. This label not only verifies technical aspects but also assesses ethical factors and user-friendliness (e.g., avoiding bias, supporting open source, user-friendly interface for judges).
d) Deployment & Training Strategy: In the final section of the report, the French Ministry of Justice presents a four-pillar strategy for AI deployment:
- Develop a central technical platform (cloud + data infrastructure);
- Develop AI-assisted content and business processes;
- Training and adapting users – especially judges, clerks, prison officers, etc.;
- Establish mechanisms for governance, certification, and continuous evaluation.
Notably, AI is also being integrated into the Ministry of Justice's internal training platform to enhance the digital capabilities of the entire judicial force.
Based on France's experience in applying AI to the judicial field, several important directions can be drawn for building a system for receiving and processing legal feedback in Vietnam, such as: Building a sovereign data and AI infrastructure to avoid complete dependence on foreign solutions; Applying AI in classifying and analyzing the content of legal feedback to help legal editors identify issues more quickly; Establishing a mechanism for verifying and certifying AI tools in the legal field; Training legal officials to use AI tools effectively.
1.2. Justice.gouv.fr – The official website of the French Ministry of Justice
Justice.gouv.fr is the central online portal of the French Ministry of Justice. Some notable features of justice.gouv.fr include:
- The website compiles and publishes the entire organizational system of the Ministry of Justice, legal documents, information about judicial agencies, reform programs, and judicial policies. Citizens, businesses, and lawyers can directly access documents, procedural processes, and official announcements.
- Administrative procedures (e.g., filing a lawsuit, requesting enforcement of judgments, registering judicial records, etc.) are published along with instructions, electronic forms, and related documents. This helps reduce the time spent preparing documents and minimizes errors when submitting applications.
- The website has an online application submission feature that allows citizens and organizations to send requests, petitions, or feedback to competent judicial authorities. After submission, the sender can track the processing status through the application code.
- Internal data interoperability and connectivity with other specialized systems: When citizens submit applications through this portal, data is automatically categorized and transferred to the corresponding functional department, reducing manual processing and shortening response times.
In summary, justice.gouv.fr is a platform that facilitates information disclosure, digitizes internal processes, and creates a centralized point for receiving and processing information from the public.
1.3. Justice.fr – A portal serving the public.
If justice.gouv.fr is the "official channel" of the Ministry, then justice.fr is a citizen-oriented portal, focusing on user experience and support for access to legal services. Some highlights of the justice.fr website:
- Simple, user-friendly interface for non-legal professionals: The website is designed with step-by-step instructions so that people can complete procedures themselves without needing in-depth knowledge of legal regulations.
- Guided procedure tool: Users answer short multiple-choice questions (e.g., "What area do you want to file a complaint about?", "What documents do you have?"), and the system automatically determines the appropriate procedure and guides the user through it.
- Justice.fr clearly categorizes groups: citizens, businesses, foreigners, minors, lawyers, etc. Each group has its own procedures and guidelines tailored to its specific needs.
- Track your application progress online: After completing the procedure, citizens can log in to check the processing status, receive notifications, or obtain feedback documents from the judicial authorities.
As a result, justice.fr becomes a two-way interactive channel between citizens and the State, helping to enhance transparency, trust, and public participation in the judicial process.
Based on France's experience, several lessons can be drawn for Vietnam in the process of building and operating an information system for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents. Firstly, a strategy for applying AI with a specific roadmap is needed, prioritizing areas such as analyzing and classifying feedback, assisting in suggesting revisions to legal documents, and detecting contradictions and inadequacies in legal regulations. Secondly, an integrated online platform similar to justice.gouv.fr should be developed to ensure that citizens and organizations can conveniently submit feedback and suggestions while also monitoring the processing progress. Thirdly, the application of AI must be implemented in conjunction with requirements for data security, sovereignty, and compliance with legal regulations, ensuring transparency, accuracy, and the ability to monitor.
These experiences form an important basis for Vietnam to orient itself towards building a modern and effective system, contributing to improving the quality of lawmaking and enforcement, while strengthening the participation of citizens and society in the legislative process.

Legifrance is the official website of the French Government for disseminating legal information (loi, décret, arrêtés, jurisprudence…) to the public free of charge. The site is managed by DILA, which is part of the French Prime Minister's Office. (Legifrance stands for “service public de la diffusion du droit”). Access primarily focuses on national legal content, enacted documents, codes, as well as court decisions (jurisprudence) and information related to international and European law.
Citizens, researchers, and legal professionals can access the website free of charge. The texts are maintained in their current versions, updated as amendments are made, ensuring users can access "current law." The website not only provides information on legal texts but also includes drafting documents, impact assessments, and links to practical guidance from Service-Public. It also allows users to search by document name, number, article/clause, content, document type, etc.; provides user guides, help videos, and links to explanatory information for citizens from Service-Public.
2.2. Website: www.service-public.fr
Service-Public.fr is the official portal of the French Government for citizens, providing advice on rights and obligations, guidance on administrative procedures, and offering online tools, forms, and services. The site is managed by DILA. Established in 2000, the site has since been improved and restructured to become a key digital point of contact between citizens and the administration.
The Service-Public.fr website is not just a "guidebook" but an integrated portal offering various types of content and services, such as: listing online procedures, forms (CERFA), calculators, sample correspondence models, and simulations. It provides updates on policies, legal changes, new procedures, and administrative announcements. It helps citizens stay informed about changes affecting their rights and obligations. It allows citizens to log in, perform personalized procedures (based on their profile), or track their status…
Key advantages of Service-Public.fr:
- User experience is oriented towards "real-life events/life situations." Organizing content according to scenarios (e.g., "when you move house," "when you become a parent," "retirement") makes it easily accessible to people without requiring prior legal knowledge.
- Integrates online procedures + forms + support tools. Not only provides guidance, but also allows for "click-to-do" functionality if conditions permit: forms, simulators for evaluation, form completion, and online submission.
- National Authentication Link (FranceConnect): A common login system that eliminates the need for multiple separate accounts, increasing seamlessness when carrying out procedures between ministries/departments.
- Timely updates and legal news: When there are changes to laws, policies, or procedures, the page updates them immediately so that people are aware and can adjust their behavior/procedures accordingly.
- Transparency in contact and accountability: The page clearly states how to contact us regarding any issues, suggestions, or complaints related to the website content.
- Specialized and tiered content: The "Questions / Q&A" section uses common, easy-to-understand language, helping non-expert users understand the laws related to their situation.
2.3. Website: www.entreprendre.service-public.fr
Entreprendre.Service-Public.fr is the official portal dedicated to businesses/startups/corporate administrators within the French Service-Public ecosystem. The site is managed and operated by DILA as a specialized branch of Service-Public focusing on the business aspect. Its main objective is to provide legal information, procedural guidance, support tools, documentation models, updates, and relevant news for businesses from their inception and operation to their closure. The site is structured according to the "company lifecycle" stages (création, reprise, transmission, fermeture) and by management topics (tax, human resources, finance, etc.).
The website provides detailed instructions on how to register as a micro-entrepreneur , including requirements, procedures, required documents, costs, deadlines, etc., as well as startup support and training. It offers information on local support mechanisms (CCI, CMA, regional programs), a list of training courses, startup support networks, and practical examples of entrepreneurs. The site has a "Comment faire pour…" (How to…) section, which includes guides categorized by specific professions: opening a store, online business, restaurant, driver, hair salon… each with specific steps. In addition, the site updates on new regulations, legal changes, tax announcements, and developments in the business sector.
2.4. Website: www.vie-publique.fr
Vie-Publique is a free information website of the French Government, focusing on public policy, legislation, debates, institutions, and social impact. The site is edited and managed by DILA. Vie-Publique's goal is to "provide citizens with the key to understanding public policy and major social debates." Launched in 2002, the site operates as an intermediary between legal, policy, and expert reporting sources and citizens and researchers.
Vie-Publique acts as a "bridge," helping citizens, students, and researchers understand policies, legal developments, and social debates without needing direct access to weighty legal documents. The site provides direct reference materials (rapports, discussions, open data) so users can verify information. In addition to text, infographics, videos, and podcasts are available to help users learn in various ways. Articles on the site are dated, sourced, and edited; the database reports and open documents are always updated.
Vie-Publique provides information on public consultations to enable citizens to participate in the policy-making process; however, it does not replace the administrative system or policy-making mechanisms. Vie-Publique is merely a channel for information and knowledge; it does not have the authority to intervene, handle cases, report issues, or make policy decisions.
From DILA's experience in operating four websites (www.legifrance.gouv.fr, www.service-public.fr, www.entreprendre.service-public.fr, and www.vie-publique.fr), several useful lessons can be drawn to improve the information system for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents in Vietnam. Firstly, a centralized, unified legal information portal should be built with modern search functions and the timely and complete publication of legal documents, similar to the Legifrance website. Secondly, the provision of online public services with two-way interaction should be enhanced, allowing citizens and businesses to submit suggestions and feedback directly and track the processing progress, similar to the Service-public model. Third, users should be categorized to provide appropriate information and forms, improving processing efficiency, similar to how the Entreprendre website serves different types of businesses. Finally, it is necessary to promote openness, transparency, and public consultation in the law-making process, while providing easily understandable policy analysis and explanation documents, learning from the Vie-publique model. Applying these experiences will contribute to enhancing transparency, efficiency, and the level of participation of citizens and businesses in the process of lawmaking and implementation in Vietnam.

The website of the French Court of Cassation: https://www.courdecassation.fr (Cour de cassation) is a crucial part of the French Republic's judicial information system. It is the highest judicial body, specializing in resolving cases to ensure the consistent application of law nationwide. The Court's website serves not only legal professionals but also citizens, businesses, and public authorities, aiming to enhance transparency, access to legal information, and the standardization of judicial practice.

- Case summaries and explanations: Each important case includes a concise and easy-to-understand summary presenting the context, the central legal issue, and the court's main reasoning. For cases with jurisprudence value, the website also provides in-depth legal analysis, helping lawyers, judges, and the public understand how to apply the law in practice.
- Classification and systematization by legal subject: The website builds a scientific classification system according to areas of law (civil, criminal, commercial, labor, administrative, etc.), helping users quickly find relevant judgments. In addition, there is a section on exemplary case law, which compiles decisions with high academic and practical value.
- Regularly updated and highly authoritative: All court decisions are published immediately after they take effect, ensuring timeliness. This is the sole and most authoritative source of legal information on case law in France, regularly used as a benchmark by other courts and academics.
3.2. The role of AI in Cour de Cassation:
AI plays a crucial role in the operation, management, and data exploitation on the French Court of Cassation's website. The application of AI technologies enhances the efficiency of processing massive amounts of legal data, improves user access to information, and supports research, adjudication, and lawmaking.
Firstly, AI is used in the automation, anonymization, and classification of court judgments. Tens of thousands of judgments are received, processed, and published annually by the system. Thanks to the application of natural language recognition (NLP) technology and machine learning algorithms, the website can automatically remove personally identifiable information (name, address, sensitive data) in accordance with personal data protection regulations, while accurately and quickly classifying judgments by legal field, type of decision, and level of importance.
Secondly, AI supports intelligent searching and retrieval. The system uses semantic search, allowing users to find relevant cases without having to enter exact legal keywords, thanks to its ability to understand context. For example, when a user types "contractor liability," the system can suggest precedents or judgments with similar content, even if the titles don't match. This is a significant advantage over traditional keyword-based searches.
Thirdly, AI plays a role in summarizing and interpreting judgment content. Language processing models can generate concise summaries that present the court's main arguments, helping users quickly understand the core content without having to read the entire judgment, which can be dozens of pages long. This is particularly useful for non-legal professionals, as well as assisting experts in screening and researching case law.
Fourth, AI is applied to suggest and link judgments and precedents with similar or related content. When a user reads a judgment, the system will automatically suggest decisions with similar themes, arguments, or legal grounds, supporting in-depth legal research and comparison. This helps increase consistency and effectiveness in applying precedents.
Vietnam can learn from this experience to integrate AI into its information systems for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions regarding legal documents and the database of judgments and precedents. AI can support automatic classification and suggestion of issues when citizens submit feedback; connect citizens' feedback with relevant judgments or legal regulations; assist management agencies in identifying inadequacies and overlaps in the legal system through big data analysis; and improve the efficiency of services for citizens and businesses through intelligent searching, automatic summarization, and suggestions for relevant documents.

The French Council of State (Conseil d'État) is the highest judicial and administrative body of the French Republic in the field of administrative adjudication, and also serves as a legal advisory body to the Government in the process of formulating policies and laws.
The official website of the Council of State: https://www.conseil-etat.fr plays a crucial role in publicizing the council's judicial activities, legal advice, and policy consultations. It serves as a transparent and authoritative information channel, providing strong support to citizens, businesses, legal professionals, and government agencies in accessing and applying administrative law.
Main content and functions of the Information Page:
- Full Publication of Administrative Decisions and Case Laws: The website publicly publishes administrative judgments and decisions of the Council of State and lower-level administrative courts, which are regularly updated and have official legal validity. An advanced search system allows users to search by case number, field, keywords, decision type, issuance date, etc., enabling quick access to relevant information.
- Public disclosure of the Council of State's legal advice: A notable feature is that the website publishes numerous legal advice opinions that the Council of State has provided to the Government during the drafting of legal documents. These opinions include legal analysis, impact assessments, and proposed amendments to ensure the constitutionality, legality, and feasibility of the policies.
- Public consultation and interaction: The website has a dedicated section for public consultation on draft policies, laws, and decrees, encouraging citizens, businesses, and social organizations to submit their opinions online. This is an official channel that helps enhance transparency and social participation in the legislative process.
From the very beginning of the drafting process, important draft laws, decrees, ordinances, or administrative documents are publicly published on the State Council's website, accompanied by a policy explanation outlining the context, objectives, and scope of impact, along with the full text of the draft, allowing citizens and organizations to study them directly. For important documents, the website also publishes the State Council's legal advisory opinions to ensure constitutionality, legality, and consistency within the legal system. Each consultation period has a clear timeframe (usually 2 to 6 weeks), ensuring that citizens and organizations have sufficient time to study and provide feedback. The policy consultation process is conducted online through a system of forms. The website integrates standardized electronic forms, allowing users to submit feedback, suggestions, or proposed amendments directly to the competent authority. Submitters can attach documents, evidence, and specific arguments. The system automatically categorizes comments by topic and draft type, and forwards them to the relevant unit for processing. Notably, the site allows users to choose to publicly or anonymously disclose their personal information, encouraging broad participation from various groups, including individuals outside the professional field.
After the consultation period ends, the Council of State's website publicly publishes a summary of the feedback received, including statistics on the number of opinions, grouped by topic, and the official response from the drafting agency to each group of opinions. This demonstrates transparency and accountability, and allows citizens to clearly see how their opinions have been considered or responded to. This is a significant difference compared to many consultation systems that are still largely formal, where citizens submit opinions but receive no official feedback.
Through its public consultation function, the Council of State has created a space for substantive policy dialogue between the State, citizens, businesses, and experts. This process helps to: identify early shortcomings, conflicts, or impracticality in draft legal documents; enhance social consensus and reduce negative reactions after the documents are promulgated; and mobilize social knowledge in lawmaking, especially in complex or widely impactful areas.
- Analysis, statistics, and reporting: The Council of State regularly publishes annual reports, statistics on administrative proceedings, and analyses of legal trends, helping researchers, policymakers, and the public better understand the practical application of administrative law.
From the model of the French Council of State, Vietnam can draw several important lessons to improve its information system for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents. These include: enhancing transparency and openness; integrating the function of soliciting opinions from citizens and businesses on draft legal documents directly into the system; creating conditions for feedback and suggestions to be submitted and processed centrally and effectively; publicly disclosing the results of handling feedback and suggestions and responses from processing agencies, citizens, and businesses to enhance transparency and social trust; and applying information technology and AI to classify, suggest, and quickly process citizens' feedback, while also improving the quality of feedback processing.

 
Appendix II. Results of research, surveys, and learning from the experience of the Federal Republic of Germany in building, managing, and operating the Information System for receiving and processing legal documents.

The website of the German Federal Ministry of Justice (BMJV), now known as the Bundesministerium der Justiz – BMJ (https://www.bmj.de), is one of the most important and authoritative legal information channels in Germany. This central body is responsible for drafting, reviewing, and publishing federal legal documents, as well as receiving and processing feedback and suggestions from citizens, businesses, and social organizations regarding law, policy, and judicial activities.
The BMJ's information portal is designed to be modern and scientifically structured, serving a wide range of audiences, from citizens, businesses, and social organizations to experts and government agencies. This system is not only a place to publish legal documents but also a portal for receiving and processing feedback on policies and laws in an organized, transparent, and highly interactive manner.
The main functions of the BMJ information page are:
- Systematically publish and search for legal documents:
The BMJ website publishes all draft laws, passed laws, decrees, regulations, and detailed guiding documents. All are presented clearly, categorized by field, date of promulgation, document type, and validity status. An advanced search system allows users to easily find documents by keyword, document number, subject, or regulation type. This is a source of official legal information with high legal value.
- Public consultation in the policy and law-making process:
BMJ has a dedicated section for publicly releasing draft legislation and soliciting public opinion (öffentliche Konsultation). Citizens, businesses, and professional associations can submit comments online on each draft, using standardized forms, clear instructions, and specific deadlines. In addition, the system allows users to track the progress of drafting the legislation, the legislative schedule, and the steps taken to process feedback.
Notably, all consultation comments are categorized, compiled, and publicly released along with the official response from the Ministry or drafting agency, thereby increasing transparency and accountability in lawmaking.
- Portal for receiving feedback and suggestions regarding laws and policies:
One of the highlights of the German Federal Ministry of Justice's (BMJ) legal information system is the feedback portal for legal and policy suggestions (Bürgerbeteiligung / Rechtsvorschriften Feedback Portal). This is the official channel through which citizens, businesses, social organizations, professional associations, and legal experts can directly submit opinions, feedback, or suggestions related to current legal regulations, draft policies, and issues arising in practice. Unlike the traditional method of submitting feedback in separate documents or via official correspondence, this portal is well-organized, has standardized procedures, and operates using modern technology, ensuring transparency, efficiency, and the ability of citizens to track its implementation. In particular, the system features an automatic feedback function confirming receipt, providing a tracking code and estimated processing time, and allowing senders to transparently check the status of their submissions, similar to electronic administrative document management systems. Specifically:
+ The portal has a clear and scientific structure and classification: When accessing the submission portal on the BMJ website, users are guided to select the appropriate type of feedback/suggestion, including: Feedback on the content, reasonableness, and feasibility of current legal regulations; Suggestions for amending, supplementing, or repealing inadequate legal regulations; Feedback on the actual implementation of laws by agencies, organizations, and individuals; Comments on draft laws, decrees, or regulations under development; Complaints or denunciations related to consumer rights and legal matters.
This classification is supported by an intelligent electronic form system, which helps senders select the correct type of feedback and provide the necessary information (relevant documents, content of the petition, proposed solutions, supporting documents, etc.). As a result, feedback is standardized from the outset, enabling the receiving agency to process it accurately and quickly.
+ Receiving, routing, and processing automatically:
After a user submits feedback, the BMJ system automatically routes the content to the corresponding responsible unit (specialized department, legal bureau, legislative department, etc.). This process significantly reduces the time spent on manual document circulation and prevents feedback from being delayed or lost.
Each complaint is assigned a unique file number, and the sender receives an automatic electronic confirmation stating the time of receipt, the processing agency, and the expected response time. This demonstrates BMJ's professionalism and transparency in information management.
+ Transparent progress tracking and feedback features:
Submitters can track the progress of their online complaint processing using the case code. The system displays statuses such as: “Received”, “Processing”, “Forwarded to the competent authority”, and “Responded”. Once a processing result is available, the submitter will receive a notification and can download the official response from the relevant authority. For complaints with a wide-ranging impact, BMJ can also publicly disclose the complaint and response (after anonymizing personal information) to enhance transparency and provide a source of reference for other stakeholders.
Integrating citizen support tools and AI technology:
BMJ's feedback portal integrates numerous user-friendly tools, including: an automated system that suggests relevant documents when users enter feedback content, helping to guide them towards the correct legal scope; an online legal assistant and chatbot to guide users step-by-step in filling out forms and provide links to relevant regulations or authorities; features supporting people with disabilities and multilingual support, ensuring wide accessibility; and, thanks to the application of information technology and AI, BMJ can systematically process a large volume of feedback and extract aggregated data for policy analysis.
- Role in improving the legal system: The feedback and suggestion portal is not just a purely administrative channel, but also plays a role as a tool to support the development and improvement of laws. BMJ regularly uses feedback data to identify conflicting, overlapping, or impractical regulations in the legal system; assess the impact and appropriateness of current policies, providing a practical basis for amending and supplementing laws and regulations, improving law enforcement, and protecting the rights of citizens and consumers.
- Diverse support and interaction with citizens: In addition to the above functions, the BMJ website also has a Legal Q&A section, policy explanations in simple language, an online legal assistant tool, and an integrated chatbot to support searching for legal documents and procedures. Thanks to this, citizens can access legal information without needing in-depth expertise, and easily submit feedback or ask questions without having to go directly to government agencies.
The "Legal Questions & Answers" (Rechtsfragen & Antworten / Rechtliche FAQs) section was developed by BMJ as an online portal for citizens, businesses, and organizations to access and answer legal questions. This is an important extension of the legal information system, providing not only pure legal texts but also explanations, guidance, and support for the practical application of the law.
The goal of this section is to help users understand complex legal regulations correctly and easily; quickly find answers to real-life situations; increase their ability to access legal information without having to go directly to government agencies or hire consultants; and provide specific guidance on how to submit feedback and suggestions when encountering difficulties.
This section is usually divided into major thematic groups, corresponding to important areas of law in social life, for example: Civil rights – marriage, family, inheritance; Criminal law – rights of suspects, defendants, victims; Commercial law, contracts, labor law; Consumer protection law; Administrative regulations – obligations and rights of citizens; Digital rights, personal data protection; Newly enacted or soon-to-be-effective regulations.
Each question is presented in a standard format, including: A specific question commonly asked by citizens (concise and clear about the situation); Legal answer: brief, concise, using common language, with references to relevant legal provisions; Implementation instructions: clearly stating the competent authority, the necessary procedures, and the required forms (if any); Quick links: leading to the original legal document, electronic form, or the section for submitting feedback/suggestions if citizens wish to propose amendments to that regulation.
The Legal Q&A section incorporates a smart search tool, allowing users to enter keywords, scenarios, or questions naturally. The system uses natural language processing (NLP) technology to suggest similar questions available in the database or lead to relevant legal texts.
For questions not yet in the system, users can submit new questions through the online form. The questions will be received, reviewed, and a standard answer will be drafted by the relevant department and updated back into the FAQ database, making the system increasingly comprehensive and useful.
A crucial point is that the Legal Q&A section does not operate independently, but is directly linked to the BMJ's feedback and suggestion portal. Specifically: If citizens only need an explanation of a regulation → the system provides an automated response or poses a similar question. If citizens disagree with the current regulation → the system suggests forwarding it to the form for suggesting amendments or additions to the document. If the question reflects shortcomings in implementation → the system suggests submitting actual feedback.
This design approach helps transform individual questions into input data for improving legislation, avoiding information waste and increasing management efficiency.
Based on the experience of the German Federal Ministry of Justice, Vietnam can draw important lessons in building and managing an information system for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents, such as:
- Develop a centralized, official legal information portal that publishes comprehensive and clearly categorized information, with advanced search capabilities similar to BMJ, in order to increase transparency and accessibility.
- Integrate mechanisms for open and formal policy consultation, transforming the process of soliciting opinions into a substantive step in the law-making process, rather than a mere formality.
In particular, Vietnam can learn the following important lessons from BMJ's model of a portal for receiving feedback and suggestions, and its legal Q&A section:
- Develop a standardized feedback classification system, linked to intelligent electronic forms, to receive complete and relevant information.
- Implementing an automated document processing system and electronic file management helps to increase processing speed and accountability of receiving agencies.
- Publicly displaying the application code and processing status helps citizens and businesses track progress, avoiding situations where applications are submitted but there is no response.
- Increase transparency through public feedback and the compilation of opinions, forming a database of recommendations to support the process of improving legislation.
- Utilizing information technology and AI to support citizens, automatically suggesting relevant documents, analyzing feedback trends, and identifying shortcomings in the legal system.
- Develop an online legal Q&A section, providing concise, accurate, and easy-to-understand answers, with references to relevant legal documents for citizens to consult.
- Group the questions by legal topic for easier user access, combined with a smart search tool that supports natural language processing.
- Establish a strong link between the Q&A section and the suggestion/feedback section, allowing citizens to conveniently turn their questions into feedback.
- Increase timeliness and transparency by publicly disclosing processed questions and answers, and building an open FAQ database for public access.
- AI and legal chatbot applications are being used to automatically answer common questions, reduce the workload for government agencies, and enhance the user experience.
2. Committee on Citizen Petitions of the Federal Parliament
The Petitionsausschuss is an important institution of the German Federal Parliament (Bundestag), established to receive, consider, and address petitions, feedback, complaints, and proposals for improving policies and laws from citizens to the legislative and executive branches.
 
The official website of the Committee on Petitions (https://epetitionen.bundestag.de) is a public and transparent online platform where all German citizens and legal residents can submit petitions and feedback (Petitionen) on legal, policy, and administrative issues; sign in support of other public petitions; monitor the processing by Parliament; and participate in public discussions on social, legal, and legislative issues.
This is one of the most modern and effective models for receiving and processing public petitions in Europe, operating through a collaboration between the legislature, relevant ministries, and citizens, creating a truly two-way channel for policy participation.
Main content of the information page:
- Electronic Petition Submission (e-Petition): This page allows individuals to easily submit online petitions through a clearly structured electronic form. Submitters can choose to submit public petitions (which will be posted on the system for community discussion and support) or private petitions (sent directly to the Committee for internal processing).
The petition form includes: specific details of the complaint, relevant legal basis, proposed amendments or solutions, and supporting documents (if any). Each submitted petition will receive a tracking number, allowing the sender to check the processing progress.
- A notable feature is that public petitions are posted verbatim on the system, along with a deadline for feedback (usually 4 weeks). During this time, citizens can sign in support (Mitzeichnen) of the petition to increase its representativeness and influence; and participate in public discussions within a moderated online forum.
If a public petition reaches a certain threshold of signatures (usually 50,000 signatures within 4 weeks), the Committee on Citizen Petitions will hold a public hearing with the petitioner, members of parliament, and relevant agencies. This is a mechanism of direct democracy, allowing citizens to participate deeply in the legislative process.
- All petitions are categorized by the Committee on Citizen Petitions and forwarded to the competent authorities (Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Interior, specialized agencies, etc.) for consideration, evaluation, and response. This process includes clear steps:
(i) Receiving and classifying petitions by subject and type (law, policy, administration, citizens' rights, etc.).
(ii) Review and seek expert opinions from relevant agencies.
(iii) Discussion and conclusions in the session of the Committee on Citizen Petitions.
(iv) Notify the sender of the results and publicly disclose the processing results on the system if it is a public request.
The petitioner can check the petition's status in real time via the file code, ensuring - Link to the legislative and policy-making process: A special feature of the German model is that petitions are not limited to administrative feedback, but can directly impact legislative activity. If a petition reflects inadequacies in a legal document, the Committee can turn the petition into a formal legislative proposal, recommending that Parliament include it in the law amendment program ; assigning the Government to research, respond, and report back to Parliament; and inviting the initiator to participate in public hearings to present directly to members of Parliament.
As a result, the petition channel has become an integral part of the policy and legal process, not a separate entity as in many other countries.
From the model of the German Parliament's Committee on Citizen Petitions website, Vietnam can draw many important lessons for building and managing a system for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents, such as:
- Establish a unified online petition portal, with a single point of contact at the competent central agency, ensuring legitimacy and effectiveness.
- Clearly categorize public and non-public petitions, allowing citizens to choose the appropriate format, while also publicizing important petitions to mobilize social participation.
- Establish a transparent application and processing procedure with file codes, real-time status updates, and comprehensive feedback to build public trust.
- Create mechanisms for discussion, signing of support, and public hearings so that valuable proposals can truly impact legislative activities and law amendments.
- Applying information technology and AI to manage, classify, and synthesize proposals, identify prominent legal issues, and thereby support policy planning.
- Integrate the suggestion system with the process of drafting and amending laws, avoiding the situation where suggestions are received only for archiving without any practical impact.
The website of the German Parliament's Committee on Citizen Petitions is a model of democracy, transparency, and rigorous processes, enabling citizens to genuinely participate in the law-making process. Vietnam can learn from this model to improve the effectiveness of its information system for receiving and processing feedback and petitions, transforming it into a practical tool to support the improvement of its legal and policy systems.
3. Committee on Citizen Petitions of the State Parliament of Hessen
The Petitionsausschuss of the State of Hessen is an institution subordinate to the Hessen State Parliament (Hessischer Landtag). Like the Petitionsausschuss of the German Federal Parliament, it is responsible for receiving, reviewing, and processing petitions, complaints, and grievances from citizens concerning legislative and executive activities and the application of law within the state.
The official website of the Hessen State Petition Committee is located at: https://hessischer-landtag.de/petitionen. This is the official channel for citizens of Hessen, legal residents, and organizations to submit petitions and feedback, and to monitor the parliamentary processing in a public, transparent, and convenient manner.
The main functions of the information page:
- Receiving online petitions: Citizens can submit petitions online through a clearly structured electronic form, which requires them to provide the content of their feedback or suggestion; relevant legal documents or regulations; reasons and legal or practical basis; proposed amendments, additions, or specific solutions; and supporting documents (if any).
The portal categorizes petitions by individual, group, or public petition, helping processing agencies to approach them appropriately. Each petition, once submitted, is assigned an electronic file code, allowing the sender to track the processing progress online.
- Open and transparent processing procedures: The Hessen State Petition Committee has a clear process for receiving, processing, and responding to petitions, including:
(i) Receiving and classifying petitions according to subject, scope and nature (law, policy, administration, etc.).
(ii) Forward the petition to the competent authorities for verification, research, and response.
(iii) Discussion at a session of the Committee on Citizen Petitions, with the participation of parliamentarians and specialized agencies.
(iv) Notify the sender of the processing results and publicly post the content and response on the information page (for public requests).
Citizens can check the status of their petitions in real time using the case number, which helps increase transparency and accountability of public authorities.
- Public petition mechanism and social participation mobilization: In addition to individual petitions, citizens can submit public petitions (öffentliche Petition). These petitions are posted on a website, allowing others to sign in support for a specified period (usually 4–6 weeks).
If a petition gathers enough supporting signatures, the committee may hold a public hearing, inviting the initiator, members of parliament, experts, and government agencies to participate in the discussion. This is a channel for direct democratic participation, helping to bring public opinion into the process of developing and refining state policies and laws.
- Integration of legal information and citizen support tools: The information page provides direct links to current laws, regulations, and resolutions of the State of Hessen, making it easy for citizens to look up the legal basis when submitting petitions. The system also includes a basic legal Q&A section, guidance on how to draft petitions, sample petitions, and assistance explaining the process of submitting, tracking, and participating in hearings.
From the model of the Hessen State Committee for Citizens' Petitions website, Vietnam can draw important lessons to build and manage a more effective system for receiving and processing feedback and suggestions on legal documents, such as:
- Develop standardized petition forms with clear instructions to make it easy for citizens to submit relevant and high-quality petitions.
- Implement a transparent application and processing procedure, with publicly available file codes and processing status, building trust with applicants.
- Develop mechanisms for public petitioning and mobilizing social participation, allowing citizens to sign in support of and participate in hearings on important petitions.
- Integrate a legal document repository, Q&A tools, and legal assistance services into the complaint portal to support citizens in accessing information and participating in effective complaint handling.
- Integrate the proposal system with the law-making process, so that valuable proposals are considered and incorporated into legislative activities, amendments, and improvements to legal documents.
The website of the Hessen State Committee for Citizens' Petitions is a transparent, efficient, and highly democratic model for receiving and processing feedback and legal petitions at the state level. Learning from and flexibly applying elements of this model will help Vietnam build a modern system for receiving and submitting legal feedback and petitions, capable of genuinely connecting with legislative activities, increasing transparency, and promoting the role of citizens in the process of improving legal policies.

 
Appendix III. Results of research, surveys, and learning from the experiences of the Republic of France and the Federal Republic of Germany in the issuance and monitoring of the implementation of administrative decisions and administrative acts (AD/AC).
1. In the French Republic
1.1. Regarding the process and procedures for issuing administrative decisions/administrative actions:
In France, the Code of Public Relations and Public Administration (Code des relations entre le public et l'administration - CRPA) is the main legal document that sets out the general principles and procedures for issuing administrative decisions. This code synthesizes and strengthens many principles that have been established over time by case law from the Chamber of Deputies and individual laws.
CRPA compiles the core principles and procedures governing the relationship between the public and administrative bodies in France, based on existing laws and case law. Key principles:
- The principle of silence is acceptance: This is one of the most prominent points. According to this principle, if an administrative agency does not respond to a citizen's request within a certain period (usually 2 months), the request is considered to have been accepted, except in certain exceptions stipulated by law.
- Obligation to explain: Similar to Germany, unfavorable administrative decisions must be clearly explained.
- Right to access administrative documents: Citizens have the right to request to view and copy administrative documents, except in cases protected by law.
- Community consultation: Regulations requiring administrative agencies to consult the public when issuing legal documents.
CRPA is divided into four main parts, each focusing on an aspect of the relationship between the public and the government:
- General regulations: Highlighting fundamental principles such as legality, fairness, impartiality, and the principle of "silence is acceptance." According to this principle, if an administrative agency remains silent for a certain period (usually 2 months) after receiving a citizen's request, the request is considered accepted, unless otherwise stipulated.
- Unilateral decisions of the government: This section focuses on individual administrative decisions, regulations regarding the obligation to explain the reasons for decisions that are detrimental to citizens, procedures related to the revocation or annulment of administrative decisions, and time limits for government action.
- Access to administrative documents and reuse of public information: Ensuring citizens' right to access documents held by state agencies. These documents range from files and reports to administrative decisions. However, this right has exceptions to protect secrets protected by law (e.g., national defense and security secrets).
- Other regulations: These include regulations on the use of digital technology in administrative relations, requirements for public consultation when issuing regulatory documents, and rules on document archiving.
Regulations on Community Consultation in the Issuance of Administrative Decisions This is a fundamental principle of modern administrative law, aimed at enhancing the transparency, democracy, and effectiveness of public decision-making. The specific regulations and requirements of this process vary between countries, depending on their legal systems.
- Decisions requiring consultation: The law requires community consultation for administrative decisions of a normative nature (decrees, decisions related to public policy) and large projects with significant impacts on the environment or urban planning.
- Specific procedures for drafting and issuing administrative decisions/administrative documents:
+ Information Disclosure: Administrative agencies must publicly disclose draft documents or project information. This disclosure is carried out through official media such as the official gazette, the agency's website, or other public channels.
+ Consultation period: Citizens have a reasonable amount of time (usually 21 days or more, depending on the nature of the project) to submit comments, suggestions, or objections.
+ Synthesis and Feedback: The decision-making body is responsible for synthesizing the feedback received. While it is not mandatory to accept all feedback, the body must consider it and may provide feedback or explanations as to why some feedback was not accepted.
Legal implications: Failure to comply with the legally required public consultation process may provide grounds for the Council of State to overturn a decision. This ensures the binding nature of the procedure.

In France, the mechanism for monitoring and supervising the implementation of administrative decisions/administrative actions is carried out through a multi-tiered system, including internal administrative bodies, independent auditing agencies, and the public.
The public and affected individuals and organizations play a crucial role in monitoring the implementation of administrative decisions through feedback and suggestion channels:
- Administrative complaints: Citizens have the right to submit administrative complaints to the agency that issued the administrative decision or to the immediate superior. There are two main types of administrative complaints:
- Complaints requesting annulment (recours gracieux): Sent to the agency that issued the decision.
- Appeal to a higher authority (recours hiérarchique): Submitted to the immediate superior authority. These authorities are responsible for reviewing the decision and resolving the appeal within a specified timeframe.
- Judicial appeals: If an administrative appeal is not resolved or is unsatisfactory, an individual can file an administrative lawsuit in the Administrative Court (tribunal administratif). The court will examine the legality of the administrative decision and may annul the decision if it is unlawful.
- The Defender of Rights (Défenseur des droits): This is an independent body that acts as an "intermediary" between citizens and the government. This organization receives and processes complaints related to government operations and has the authority to make recommendations for administrative bodies to adjust their behavior.
- Online channels: Many administrative bodies in France have established online platforms to make it easy for citizens to submit feedback and suggestions regarding administrative regulations and their implementation.
In France, there is no single agency responsible for the overall management of the issuance and enforcement of administrative decisions. Instead, this responsibility is divided among several different agencies:
- The Prime Minister: As the head of the government, the Prime Minister has the authority to issue decrees and is generally responsible for coordinating the activities of ministries and agencies, including the implementation of administrative decisions. The Prime Minister's Office acts as the central agency managing and supervising the administrative activities of the ministries.
- Ministers: Each minister is responsible for managing the issuance and implementation of administrative decisions in their respective fields. They have the authority to issue decrees (arrêté) and direct subordinate agencies to implement them.
- National Inspector General of Administration (Inspection générale de l'administration): This is an inspection agency under the Ministry of Interior, responsible for inspecting and evaluating the activities of administrative agencies, including the issuance and implementation of administrative decisions.
- National Audit Office (Cour des comptes): Oversees the finances and operations of state administrative agencies, thereby detecting shortcomings in the implementation of administrative decisions related to public finance.
1.3. The application of information technology in the issuance of administrative documents
France has actively applied information technology to the process of issuing administrative decisions/documents to enhance efficiency, transparency, and reduce bureaucracy.
- Applications of AI and Automation
+ Review the basis and content: Although the use of AI in final decision-making remains limited due to legal liability issues, AI has been applied to support this process. AI systems can automatically review draft documents To check compliance with applicable laws and previous decisions, and to detect grammatical or logical errors.
+ Automatic reply: For simple and repetitive administrative tasks (e.g., issuing birth certificates, minor building permits), automated systems can Generate administrative decisions/administrative documents immediately. Based on pre-existing templates and input data, this significantly shortens processing time.
+ Legal liability: French law still emphasizes that ultimate legal liability These decisions are human-made. Decisions generated by AI still need to be reviewed and confirmed by an authorized person (such as a public official or officer) before they can take legal effect. If errors occur, the signatory is held legally responsible.
- Methods for carrying out administrative procedures through the electronic environment
+ Online public service portal: The French government has established online platforms such as Service-public.fr and FranceConnect. Citizens can apply for licenses, register businesses, file taxes, and complete many other administrative procedures through these portals. These platforms also allow people to track the status of their applications.
+ Electronic signature: Administrative decisions/documents issued electronically are commonly used. Electronic signatures have the same legal validity as handwritten signatures. This helps to ensure that documents are issued and stored more securely and efficiently.
- Time taken for electronic procedures: The time taken to complete administrative procedures in the electronic environment. usually shorter Compared to the conventional process, this is mainly due to the following factors:
+ Accepting applications 24/7: The online system allows applications to be submitted at any time, without being limited by regular business hours.
+ Automatic processing: Automated processes allow for the processing of part or all of a file without human intervention, especially for simple procedures.
The principle "Silence is acceptance" (Le silence vaut acceptation): This principle also applies to online procedures. If the authorities do not respond within the specified time (usually 2 months), the citizen's request is considered approved. This significantly shortens waiting times.
1.4. The supervisory role of the French court system over the issuance of administrative decisions/documents.
The Council of State is the final appellate court for administrative cases. Citizens and businesses do not initially file lawsuits directly with the Council of State. Instead, they must go through the litigation process at lower levels of administrative courts.
- Administrative Court of First Instance: This is the first place to receive and hear complaints related to government decisions, such as building permits, tax decisions, or civil servant employment.
- Administrative Court of Appeal: If the complainant disagrees with the first-instance court's ruling, they can appeal to the appellate court.
- The Council of State: Only reviews cases when there is an appeal from the appellate court. Similar to the Court of Cassation (Supreme Civil Court), the Council of State does not re-examine the substance of the case but only checks the legality of the judgment. If errors in the application of the law are found, the Council of State will overturn the judgment and transfer the case back to a lower court for retrial.
The Council of State is not the primary body for receiving complaints and denunciations from citizens or businesses. Instead, it functions as the supreme administrative court and serves as a legal advisory body to the government. Beyond its judicial function, another crucial role of the Council of State is advising the government on bills, decrees, and other legal documents. This function ensures the legality and constitutionality of legal documents before their promulgation. The Council of State acts as the highest legal advisory body to the government. Its opinions aim to guarantee the constitutionality and legality of draft administrative documents before their issuance.
- Legal advice: The Council of State is responsible for reviewing the legality of draft documents. This includes checking whether the drafts comply with the Constitution, current laws, and international treaties.
- Technical and content consultation: The Council of State also offers suggestions to improve the content, making regulations clearer, more logical, and easier to apply in practice.
- The supreme administrative court: In addition to its advisory role, the Council of State also serves as the supreme administrative court, with the power to hear cases against administrative decisions, including the annulment of unlawful administrative decisions.
However, the Council of State is obligated to provide input on draft legal documents.
2. In the Federal Republic of Germany
2.1.  Procedures for issuing administrative documents
In Germany, the procedure for issuing administrative documents is primarily governed by the Federal Administrative Procedure Act.
- Main text: The German Administrative Procedure Act is the core legal document, applicable to all administrative procedures of the federal government. The Administrative Procedure Act sets out fundamental principles and procedures, including the right of citizens to be heard, the obligation of administrative bodies to explain their reasoning when issuing unfavorable decisions, and time limits for processing applications.
- Sectoral Differences: While the Law on Administrative Procedures provides a general legal framework, specialized sectors such as construction, environmental protection, or taxation may have their own specific regulations, outlined in specialized laws. These regulations often add specific procedural steps, such as holding public hearings for large projects, but do not contradict the fundamental principles of the Law on Administrative Procedures.

+ Principle of thorough research and consideration: Administrative agencies must conduct their own investigations, gather evidence, and consider all circumstances (both favorable and unfavorable) before making a decision (Article 24 of the Law on Administrative Procedures).
+ Mandatory procedures: (i) Administrative decisions must have legal grounds and reasons (Article 39); (ii) Must be properly published to relevant parties (Article 41); (iii) Errors in procedure or form may lead to invalidity or annulment (Articles 44–46).
+ Internal monitoring mechanism: superiors can direct and check the legality; violations may result in the revocation or cancellation of decisions (Articles 48–49).

+ General regulations – the principle of “listening to presentations”: Before issuing administrative documents that affect the rights of individuals/organizations, conditions must be created for them to present their opinions (Article 28 of the Law on Administrative Procedures).
+ Exceptions: no consultation is required if: The decision needs to be issued immediately for the public interest (epidemic, risk of statute of limitations expiring); The person concerned voluntarily waives their right to present their case; The decision is issued in bulk or by an automated system; In enforcement procedures.

+ Validity and legality: Administrative regulations are only valid when properly published (Article 43).
+ Administrative complaints and litigation: Citizens have the right to protest (Widerspruch) or file a lawsuit in the Administrative Court.
+ Emergency measures: In cases where it is necessary to protect the public interest (e.g., an epidemic), an administrative decision may be enforced immediately (Sofortvollzug) under Article 61, but it remains subject to court oversight.
2.2. Delegation and authorization for issuing administrative documents

According to Article 37, Clause 3 of the Law on Administrative Procedures, a written/electronic administrative document must include: the signature/name of the head of the agency, or the authorized representative/official. When a decision is issued using an automated system, a personal signature may not be required, but the responsible agency must still be clearly identified (Article 37, Clause 5).

It is only valid when issued by a competent administrative authority. If the law requires consultation with other agencies or councils, the commitment/authorization is only valid after the consultation is completed.

The principle of dual responsibility: The authorized/signing agent must bear personal responsibility for their administrative actions. The administrative agency (a public legal entity) remains ultimately responsible before the law for the legality and reasonableness of the administrative decision. In cases exceeding the authorized authority, the decision may be invalid (Article 44, Clause 2, No. 3 of the Law on Administrative Procedures).
2.3. Measures to ensure implementation VBHC

+ Article 43 of the Law on Administrative Procedures: Administrative documents become effective when properly notified to the subject.
+ Articles 44–46 of the Law on Administrative Procedures: Invalid administrative documents or those containing serious errors cannot be enforced.
+ Article 61 of the Law on Administrative Procedures – Immediate Enforcement (Sofortige Vollziehung): Allows administrative documents to take effect and be enforced immediately when there is an urgent reason to protect the public interest, even while the complaint process is still underway. This is a measure to ensure the timeliness of administrative documents (for example, quarantine or lockdown orders during an epidemic).
+ The Law on Administrative Procedures only stipulates the effectiveness and immediate enforcement of administrative documents (Articles 43, 61), creating a legal basis to ensure that administrative decisions have coercive value.
+ Specific enforcement measures (financial enforcement, direct enforcement, compulsory execution, temporary seizure of assets/vehicles) are stipulated in the Law on Administrative Enforcement and specialized laws (Law on Police, Law on Disease Prevention and Control).
2.4. Application of information technology in the issuance process VBHC
The German Administrative Procedure Act is one of the earliest administrative laws to clearly define the application of information technology in administrative activities, especially in the issuance of administrative documents.

+ Article 37, Clause 2 of the Law on Administrative Procedures: Administrative documents may be issued in written form, electronically, orally, or in other forms.
+ Article 37, Clause 3: Electronic administrative documents must include the name or electronic signature of the head/authorized person.
+ Article 37, Clause 5: If administrative documents are issued automatically (by an IT system, without the participation of individuals) → a signature may not be required, but the issuing agency must be identified. This is the legal basis for AI, an automated response system in public administration.

+ Article 3a of the Law on Administrative Procedures (amended later): allows for the submission of documents, exchange of information, and receipt of decisions via electronic means.
Requirement: Use digital signatures and digital certificates to ensure authenticity and integrity.
+ Administrative agencies must publicly disclose the official electronic channels through which they receive applications/communication.
- Time limit for processing procedures in the electronic environment:
+ Article 10 of the Law on Administrative Procedures: administrative agencies have the obligation to process dossiers within a reasonable timeframe.
+ In the simplified licensing procedure (Articles 71b–71e), the time limits are more strictly defined: the agency must process applications quickly, as delays may lead to a "default approval" mechanism (Genehmigungsfiktion) in some cases.
+ The application of IT helps to significantly shorten the time, especially in mass decision-making (e.g., subsidies, COVID-19 support).
- Legal liability in the use of automated/AI systems
+ Although administrative decisions are issued automatically by the system, the administrative agency is still the subject of legal responsibility (Article 37(5)).
If the AI system makes a wrong decision, the responsibility lies with the regulatory body; the machine cannot be blamed.
+ Citizens still have the right to file complaints and lawsuits against automated decisions, just as they do against decisions issued by humans.
- The potential for applying AI and automation.
The Law on Administrative Procedures does not directly mention AI, but the mechanism for automated administrative decision-making has been recognized since very early on (Article 35a of the Law on Administrative Procedures – automated administrative decision-making).